Chapter 5: Socialization

1. Anticipatory Socialization: The process through which individuals learn and prepare for future roles, often by emulating or adopting the values, beliefs, and behaviors associated with those roles.
2. Degradation Ceremony: A ritual or process, often within institutions like prisons, designed to strip individuals of their former social identity and replace it with a new, often stigmatized identity.
3. Hidden Curriculum: The unspoken and informal lessons learned in school and other social settings, which can include values, norms, and social expectations.
4. Moral Development: The process through which individuals acquire their moral beliefs, values, and ethical principles, often influenced by cultural and social factors.
5. Nature: The influence of genetics and biological factors on human development and behavior.
6. Nurture: The influence of environmental and social factors on human development and behavior.
7. Peer Group: A social group consisting of individuals of similar age and social status who interact with and influence one another.
8. Resocialization: The process of unlearning and relearning new norms, values, and behaviors when an individual transitions into a new social context.
9. Self: The individual’s perception of themselves, shaped by social interactions and self-reflection.
10. Socialization: The lifelong process through which individuals acquire culture, values, beliefs, and behaviors of their society.

Chapter 6: Groups and Organizations

1. Aggregate: A collection of individuals who happen to be in the same place at the same time but lack organization or a sense of belonging.
2. Authoritarian Leader: A leader who makes decisions and gives orders with little or no input from group members.
3. Bureaucracies: Complex, hierarchical organizations characterized by formal rules, division of labor, and impersonality.
4. Category: People who share a common characteristic but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.
5. Democratic Leader: A leader who encourages group members to participate in decision-making and values their input.
6. Explicit Rules: Clear, written guidelines and regulations within an organization.
7. Expressive Leader: A leader who focuses on the emotional well-being and social cohesion of the group.
8. Iron Law of Oligarchy: The theory that large organizations tend to be controlled by a small, elite group of individuals.
9. Instrumental Leader: A leader who focuses on achieving group goals and tasks.
10. Laissez-Faire Leader: A hands-off leader who provides little guidance or direction to group members.
11. Conformity: The process of aligning one’s beliefs and behaviors with group norms and expectations.
12. Group: A collection of individuals who interact with each other and share some sense of identity or belonging.
13. In-Group: A group to which an individual belongs and identifies with.
14. Out-Group: A group with which an individual does not identify and may perceive as different or even hostile.
15. Reference Group: A group used for comparison and evaluation of one’s own beliefs and behaviors.
16. Primary Group: A small, close-knit group characterized by emotional bonds and strong interpersonal relationships.
17. Secondary Group: A larger, more formal group characterized by less emotional closeness and more instrumental relationships.
18. Meritocracy: A social system in which individuals advance based on their abilities and achievements rather than social status or wealth.
19. McDonaldization: The process of rationalization and efficiency associated with fast-food restaurants and applied to other aspects of society.
20. Impersonality: The lack of personal connection or emotional involvement in bureaucratic interactions.
21. Utilitarian Organizations: Organizations formed to achieve specific, practical goals, often with a focus on efficiency and productivity.

Chapter 7: Deviance and Social Control

1. Conflict Theory: A sociological perspective that views society as characterized by inequality and social conflict, with deviance seen as a result of power struggles.
2. Control Theory: A sociological perspective that focuses on the social bonds and relationships that inhibit individuals from deviant behavior.
3. Corporate Crime: Illegal activities committed by large organizations or corporations.
4. Corrections System: The institutions and processes responsible for the punishment, rehabilitation, and supervision of individuals who have committed crimes.
5. Court: A legal institution responsible for the adjudication of disputes and the administration of justice.
6. Crime: An act or behavior that violates societal norms or laws.
7. Criminal Justice System: The network of agencies responsible for maintaining law and order and administering justice.
8. Cultural Deviance Theory: A theory that links deviance to a specific culture’s values, norms, and subcultures.
9. Deviance: Behavior, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or laws.
10. Differential Association Theory: A theory that suggests that individuals learn deviant behavior through their interactions with others who engage in deviance.
11. Formal Sanctions: Official penalties or punishments for deviant behavior, typically administered by the state.
12. Hate Crimes: Criminal acts committed against individuals or groups based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics.
13. Informal Sanctions: Unofficial, social responses to deviant behavior, such as ridicule, shunning, or social disapproval.
14. Labeling Theory: A theory that focuses on how individuals and society label and respond to deviant behavior, which can lead to a deviant identity.
15. Legal Codes: Written laws and regulations that define and prohibit specific acts as crimes.
16. Master Status: The most important social position or identity that an individual holds, which can influence how others perceive and treat them.
17. Negative Sanctions: Punishments or negative consequences for deviant behavior.
18. Nonviolent Crimes: Crimes that do not involve physical harm to individuals or property, such as fraud or embezzlement.
19. Police: Law enforcement officers responsible for maintaining order and enforcing laws.
20. Positive Sanctions: Rewards or positive consequences for conforming behavior.
21. Power Elite: A small, influential group of people who hold significant power and control over society.
22. Primary Deviance: Initial and occasional acts of deviance that do not significantly impact an individual’s self-identity.
23. Sanctions: Rewards or punishments used to encourage or discourage certain behaviors.
24. Secondary Deviance: Ongoing and serious acts of deviance that become a central part of an individual’s identity and how they are perceived by others.
25. Self-Report Study: A research method in which individuals are asked to disclose their own deviant behavior in surveys or interviews.
26. Social Control: The mechanisms and strategies used by society to regulate and control behavior.
27. Social Disorganization Theory: A theory that attributes high rates of deviance to the breakdown of social institutions and community bonds.
28. Social Order: The arrangement and stability of social life, often achieved through shared norms and values.
29. **Strain Theory