ANSWER

Question 1: Necessary Elements and Processes for Creating and Sustaining International Organizations

The creation and sustainment of international organizations like the United Nations (UN) require several essential elements and processes:

• Impetus for Creation: The impetus behind the creation of the UN was the aftermath of World War II, which highlighted the need for a global organization to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations.
• Common Interests: The 49 initial member states of the UN shared a common interest in preventing future global conflicts, fostering international cooperation, and maintaining collective security.
• Goals and Scope: The UN’s goals included maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering economic development, and providing a platform for dialogue among nations.
• Structure: The UN has a complex structure, including the General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, and specialized agencies. This structure allows for representation, decision-making, and specialized functions.
• Decision-Making Processes: The UN employs various decision-making processes, with the Security Council being the most significant in matters of peace and security. The use of the veto power by the five permanent members of the Security Council (P5) reflects the dynamics of power politics.
• Source of Resources: The UN’s resources come from its member states, primarily in the form of assessed contributions based on each country’s economic capacity.

Question 2: Theoretical Frameworks Promoting Intergovernmental Organizations in the 20th Century

In the 20th century, the Liberalism theoretical framework played a significant role in promoting the establishment of permanent intergovernmental organizations. Liberalism emphasizes cooperation, international law, institutions, and diplomacy to manage global affairs and promote mutual interests among nations. This perspective aligns with the idea of creating institutions like the UN to facilitate peaceful resolution of conflicts, foster economic cooperation, and protect human rights.

Question 3: Evolution of Common Unifying Principles and their Impact

The evolution of common unifying principles shapes the role, scope, and activities of intergovernmental organizations in global affairs. For instance, the development of norms such as sovereignty, human rights, and non-aggression has influenced the UN’s emphasis on promoting human rights and preventing conflicts. The emergence of environmental concerns led to the establishment of organizations like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to address global ecological challenges.

Question 4: Authority of Intergovernmental Organizations in Foreign Policy

The authority granted to the UN, the European Union (EU), and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) by their member states differs:

• UN: The UN’s authority to make foreign policy is primarily focused on issues of peace, security, and humanitarian matters. Its decisions are often subject to the political dynamics of the Security Council and the power of the P5.
• EU: The EU is a supranational organization with the authority to make and implement policies that extend beyond foreign affairs, including economic integration, trade, and regulations. Member states delegate certain sovereignty to the EU in specific areas.
• OIC: The OIC’s authority is more limited and revolves around coordinating policies among member states, especially on issues related to Islam and Muslim-majority countries. Its decisions often reflect consensus among member states.

Remember to provide specific examples and references from the book to support your answers, as this will enhance the credibility and depth of your discussion. Good luck with your assignment!

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