Genitourinary & Musculoskeletal Cases.
ANSWER
Subjective Data to Obtain:
- Medical History: In addition to the information provided, gather details about the patient’s past medical history, including any previous surgeries, chronic medical conditions, and any history of cancer in the family or personal history of other cancers.
- Gynecological History: For Case 2, inquire about her menstrual history, including the age of menarche, regularity, and any history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Ask about contraceptive methods used, recent sexual partners, and if she has had any previous similar symptoms.
- Pain Characteristics: For Case 3, obtain more information about the character of the back pain, including its location, radiation, and any factors that exacerbate or alleviate the pain. Ask if there is any history of trauma or previous episodes of back pain.
- Systemic Symptoms: Ask if there are any systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, night sweats, or fatigue. These can provide clues about the underlying condition.
- Psychosocial History: Assess the patient’s emotional state, stressors, and any relevant psychosocial factors that might be contributing to their condition.
Objective Findings to Look For:
- Breast Examination: For Case 1, conduct a thorough clinical breast examination, including assessment of the contralateral breast, axillary, infraclavicular, and supraclavicular lymph nodes.
- Pelvic Examination: For Case 2, perform a comprehensive pelvic examination, including a speculum exam to assess the cervix and vaginal mucosa, and a bimanual exam to assess the ovaries and uterus.
- Abdominal Examination: For Case 2, assess the abdomen for tenderness, masses, and organomegaly.
- Back Examination: For Case 3, conduct a detailed musculoskeletal examination, focusing on the lumbar spine, checking for range of motion, palpating for tenderness or deformities, and assessing muscle strength and reflexes.
- Neurological Examination: In Case 3, perform a neurological examination to assess the patient’s sensory and motor function, coordination, and gait.
Diagnostic Exams to Order:
- Mammogram and Breast Ultrasound: For Case 1, order a mammogram to further evaluate the breast mass and an ultrasound to assess its characteristics.
- Pelvic Swab and Pap Smear: For Case 2, order a pelvic swab to test for STIs, and perform a Pap smear to evaluate cervical health and rule out any malignancy.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): These tests can help assess overall health and rule out any systemic issues in all cases.
- Imaging of the Lumbar Spine: In Case 3, consider ordering imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRI of the lumbar spine, to assess for structural issues or disc herniation.
- Serum Tumor Markers: Depending on the findings of the breast examination in Case 1, you may want to order specific tumor markers like CA 15-3 or CA 27-29 to assess for breast cancer.
Differential Diagnoses:
- Case 1 (Breast Mass): a. Breast Cancer: The patient’s age, lump in the breast, and family history of breast cancer make this a significant concern. b. Fibroadenoma: A benign breast tumor is a possible alternative, but malignancy needs to be ruled out. c. Cyst: A fluid-filled breast cyst is another possibility, but imaging is necessary for confirmation.
- Case 2 (Pelvic Sores and Discharge): a. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection: The presence of genital sores and yellowish discharge suggests HSV or other STIs. b. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): BV can cause vaginal discharge and might present with sores due to irritation. c. Cervical Cancer: Given the presence of sores and greenish discharge, cervical cancer should be considered and ruled out through Pap smear and further tests.
- Case 3 (Low Back Pain): a. Lumbar Strain: The patient’s history of lifting a heavy object and the acute onset of sharp, stabbing pain is consistent with a muscle strain. b. Herniated Disc: The patient’s limited range of motion and pain location may indicate a herniated disc, which would require imaging for confirmation. c. Sciatica: Sciatic nerve compression could be causing the leg pain, especially if there is radiating pain, which should be evaluated through imaging.
Teachings to Provide:
- Breast Self-Examination (BSE): In Case 1, educate the patient about the importance of regular BSE and how to perform it correctly.
- Safe Sex Practices: For Case 2, stress the importance of safe sex practices, including condom use, even within a monogamous relationship, and the need for regular STI screenings.
- Lifestyle Modifications: In Case 3, advise the patient on proper lifting techniques, posture, and exercises to maintain a healthy back, as well as discussing pain management options.
These teachings should be individualized to the patient’s needs and concerns.
Question Description
I need help with a Health & Medical question. All explanations and answers will be used to help me learn.
Female Genitourinary, & Musculoskeletal
For this Discussion, you will take on the role of a clinician who is building a health history for one of the following cases. Your instructor will assign you your case number.
Case 1Case 2Case 3Chief Complaint
(CC) “I have a tumor on my left breast”“I have pain during intercourse and urination”“My back hurts so bad I can barely walk”History of Present Illness (HPI)A 55-year-old African American social worker presents to your clinic with a finding of a lump in her left breast while in the shower this past week.A 19-year-old female reports to you that she has “sores” on and in her vagina for the last three months.A 35-year-old male painter presents to your clinic with the complaint of low back pain. He recalls lifting a 5-gallon paint can and felt an immediate pull in the lower right side of his back. This happened 2 days ago and he had the weekend to rest, but after taking Motrin and using heat, he has not seen any improvement. His pain is sharp, stabbing, and he scored it as a 9 on a scale of 0 to 10.Drug HxI took birth control pills for 10 years, starting when I was 20 I am not on hormone replacementShe tries to practice safe sex but has a steady boyfriend and figures she doesn’t need to be so careful since she is on the birth control pill Motrin for pain.Family HxMy grandmother had breast cancer when she was 76 years old Father hypertension
Mother DM
Subjective
Denies any fever or chills. No changes in vision or hearing, no difficulty chewing or swallowing. Supple neck, states that she does self-breast-exams on occasion. Menopause at 52
No skin changes or nipple discharge from the left breast
states “I have sores and bumps on the inner creases of my thighs and pelvic area”. “There is yellowish discharge from the sores that comes and goes”He is having some right leg pain but no bowel or bladder changes. No numbness or tinglingObjective Data VStemperature 98.6°F; respiratory rate (RR) 16; heart rate (HR) 80, regular; blood pressure (BP) 130/84; height: 5?8?; weight 160 lbs; body mass index (BMI) 24temperature: 100.2°F; pulse 92; respirations 18; BP 122/78; weight 156 lbs, 25 lbs overweight; height 5?3?temperature: 98.2°F, respiratory rate 16, heart rate 90, blood pressure 120/60
O2 saturation 98%
Generalwell developed, nourished, healthy-appearing femalepatient appears to have good hygiene; minimal makeup, pierced ears, no tattoos; well nourished (slightly overweight); no obvious distress notedwell-developed healthy 35-year-old male; no gross deformities HEENTAtraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, conjunctiva and sclera clear, nares patent, nasopharynx clear, edentulous.
Atraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, conjunctiva and sclera clear; nares patent, nasopharynx clear, good dentition. Piercing in her right nostril and lower lip.
Atraumatic, normocephalic, PERRLA, EOMI, sclera with mild icterus, nares patent, nasopharynx clear, poor dentition – multiple carries.Lungsclear to auscultation
within normal limits, appropriate lung sounds auscultated, clear and equal bilaterally
CTA AP&LCardregular rate and rhythm (RRR)S1S2 without rub or gallopS1S2 without rub or gallopBreastExamined in sitting and supine positions. In sitting position, no evidence of skin changes, right breast is slightly larger than the left, symmetrical movement with the arms above the head and at the side and with flexion of the pectoral muscles; 5-mm nonmobile, non-tender, firm mass felt at 10 o’clock position, 5 cm from the areola. Right breast without dominant masses or tenderness. Nipples without inversion or evidence of nipple discharge. Breast mass is palpated in the supine position in the same manner as in the sitting position
INSPECTION: no dimpling or abnormalities noted upon inspection
• PALPATION: Left breast no abnormalities noted. Right breast: denies tenderness, pain, no abnormalities noted.
INSPECTION: no dimpling or abnormalities noted upon inspection
PALPATION: Left breast – no abnormalities noted. Right breast – denies tenderness, pain, no abnormalities noted.
Lymphnegative axillary, infraclavicular, and supraclavicular lymphadenopathyInguinal Lymph nodes: tenderness bilaterally, numerous, 1 cm in sizeno bruising, fever, or swelling noted, no acute bleeding or trauma to skin.Abdnormoactive bowel sounds x 4;tender during palpation; the left lower quadrant was very tender during palpation; patient denies nausea or vomitingbenign, normoactive bowel sounds x 4; Hepatomegaly 2cm below the costal margin.GUBladder is non-distended.labia major and minor: numerous ulcerations, too many to count; some ulcerations enter the vaginal introitus; no ulcerations in the vagina mucosa; cervix is clear, some greenish discharge; bimanual exam reveals tenderness in left lower quadrant; able to palpate the left ovary; unable to palpate the right ovary; no tenderness; uterus is normal in size, slight tenderness with cervical mobilityBladder is non-distended.Integumentgood skin turgor noted, moist mucous membranesintact without lesions masses or rashes.MSMuscles are smooth, firm, symmetrical. Full ROM. No pain or tenderness on palpation.Muscles are smooth, firm, symmetrical. Full ROM. No pain or tenderness on palpation.No obvious deformities, masses, or discoloration. Palpable pain noted at the right lower lumbar region. No palpable spasms. ROM limited to forward bending 10 inches from floor; able to bend side to side but had difficulty twisting and going into extension. NeuroNo obvious deformities, CN grossly intact II-XIINo obvious deficits and CN grossly intact II-XIIDTRs 2+ lower sensory neurology intact to light touch and patient able to toe and heel walk. Gait was stable and no limping noted.
Once you received your case number, answer the following questions:
What other subjective data would you obtain?
What other objective findings would you look for?
What diagnostic exams do you want to order?
Name 3 differential diagnoses based on this patient presenting symptoms?
Give rationales for your each differential diagnosis.
What teachings will you provide?
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